Operating Systems Essay

Interfaces that are graphical in nature are known either as Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) or WIMP interfaces (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointer). Typically, these types of interfaces are available in multi-programming environments or in applications software that involve a considerable degree of complexity. In a GUI, there are: A ‘window’ for each open application. Many windows can be open at the same time but only one window can be active at any one time. There may be some way of indicating which one is active (perhaps by making the bar at the top of the active window blue). Menus and icons. Available functions can be selected in one of two ways, either by using pop-up menus or drop-down menus, or clicking on ‘icons’. An icon is simply a small picture that represents a specific function- clicking on it selects that function.   A pointing device, usually a mouse but in certain circumstances a graphical tablet and pen can be used. These are used to make selections.   The use of the keyboard to navigate through the application is minimized because it is relatively time-consuming way of working.   Natural language. Natural language interfaces are those that allow the user to communicate in their native language, such as English. It allows the user to instruct the computer without need for a particular ‘syntax’. The system needs to be able both to interpret inputs in natural language from the user, and to act upon them, and, also preferably to generate natural language statements in response to user input. Sometimes it is also referred as a conversational interface. The questions are displayed on the VDU and the answers are entered via the keyboard. For example, imagine a user has initiated a ‘save file’ request. The ‘conversation’ might be: COMP:What’s the file name? USER: chapter1. txt COMP:what folder? USER: userguide COMP:File already exists. Overwrite? USER:Yes COMP: Done. This kind of interface can be found on data entry terminals and other types of dumb terminals connected to a network where non-experts users are guided through the complex tasks they need to perform by the computer.   Command line Command based interface is one where the user types a series of commands at the keyboard which tell the computer what their intentions are. It is also known as linguistic manipulation. The characteristics of a command based interface are   the user needs to know what commands are available   the user needs to understand the commands Characteristics of a command based interface 1) The system is very much more open than in the other types of interface. Other interfaces restrict the options that the user has available to them. This can be particularly important for the system manager because different users can only be allowed to have access to specific parts of the system. 2) Command based interfaces can only be used by computer literate people because the user need to understand the commands and their uses. 1. Define what is meant by the term operating system. (2) 2. Give two reasons why an operating system is likely to be stored on backing storage rather than in the memory of the computer. (2) 3. Distinguish between a multi-programming and a multi-access operating system. (2) 4. State what is meant by a distributed system, and give an advantage of this type of multi-access system over a simple network of machines. (2) 5. A computer operator takes phone calls from the public who ring up asking whether a particular item in a catalogue is available. The operator needs to type in a series of responses to questions put to the caller, so that the computer can check the file and determine whether there are any of that item available. Design a screen interface that would be suitable for the operator to use. (4) 6. The technician responsible for maintaining the system in question 5, uses a command line interface. a) Explain what is meant by a command line interface. (2) b) Give two advantages and one disadvantage to the technician of using a command line interface rather than a menu based interface. (3) Answers: 1 A. -A (suite of) programs†¦-which run the basic functions of the computer†¦ -giving an environment in which to run application software. A question which begins with the word define, leaves very little room for manoeuvre because it is asking for a standard answer. This is not an opportunity to show your prowess by making up an answer that is original- there aren’t any. Note, also, the fact that three answers have been given. Always try to give one more answer than seems to be required by the question. If you look at a mark scheme for an examination paper, the mark points are listed as a set of bullet points so there is no reason why you should not do the same. This style of answer helps you to write down your thoughts easily without getting confused by the language. The purpose of this examination is not to test your ability with English, rather to test your knowledge of computing. 2 A. – A full operating system requires a large amount of storage space that is better utilised in the computer memory for applications – Storage of the operating system on backing storage allows for easy upgrading or changing from one system to a different one. Note that the temptation to call the operating system the O. S. has been resisted in the answer. In general, do not use abbreviations in your answers. There are exceptions, where the abbreviation is the accepted form, but your own versions may be ambiguous or, even, not understood by the examiner. If you do need to use an abbreviation, because the term is to be used a number of times, give the term in full with the abbreviation that you want to use in brackets after it. For example, the first time that you use the term operating system write â€Å"†¦ operating system (OS)†¦ † you can then use OS as often as you like in the rest of your answer. 3. A. – A multi-programming operating system is one where the user of the machine is given the impression that they can carry out more than one task at a time. – A multi-access operating system is one where it is possible for more than one user to access the system apparently at the same time. Note that there are a large number of points that could have been made about both of these operating systems, but most of them would not answer the question. It is important when answering a question starting with ‘distinguish’ to choose facts that show a comparison. 4 A. – A distributed system is one which uses many storage locations on different machines to store software and files. – Access to files can be speeded up because more than one file command can be carried out at a time. When an advantage is asked for it is normal to state in the question, either explicitly or implicitly, with what the comparison should be made. Be careful to give an advantage using this comparison and not a more generalised one. 5 A. – Form type interface – Catalogue number – Space for the description of goods which will be filled in by the computer itself – Spaces for computer to produce availability and price – Laid out with spaces for input. What is just as important here are the things that would not be on the screen. The question makes it quite clear that there is no ordering going on, so spaces for name and address, or method of payment, are not only going to score no marks, but will probably be penalised because they demonstrate that the candidate has not understood the question. In this type of question it is important to demonstrate that you have taken the situation into account. 6 A. a)-Series of commands typed at a screen prompt†¦ -which give specific instructions to the computer. b)Advantages: -Entire system is available to the technician -Access to the particular part of the system required is gained more quickly than using other types of interface. Disadvantage: -The technician needs to know the commands that are available -The technician needs to understand the way the system is designed so that it can be navigated efficiently. Note. The language used in this answer is not the sort of language that a candidate will use in an examination. Don’t worry about this. Answers like â€Å"so that you can get around the system† are perfectly acceptable. System Software James Leong Mook Seng.

Carrie Chapter Four

(or only hopeful) that she wasn't that weak, not that liable to fall docilely into the complacent expectations of parents, friends, and even herself. But now there was this shower thing, where she had gone along and pitched in with high, savage glee. The word she was avoiding was expressed To Conform, in the infinitive, and it conjured up miserable images of hair in rollers, long afternoons in front of the ironing board in front of the soap operas while hubby was off busting heavies in an anonymous Office; of joining the P.T.A. and then the country club when their income moved into five figures; of pills in circular yellow cases without number to insure against having to move out of the misses' size before it became absolutely necessary and against the intrusion of repulsive little strangers who shat in their pants and screamed for help at two in the morning; of fighting with desperate decorum to keep the niggers out of Kleen Korners, standing shoulder to shoulder with Terri Smith (Miss Potato Blossom of 1975) and Vicki Jones (Vice President of The Women's League), armed with signs and petitions and sweet, slightly desperate smiles. Carrie, it was the goddamned Carrie, this was her fault. Perhaps before today she had heard distant, circling footfalls around their lighted place, but tonight, hearing her own sordid, crummy story, she saw the actual silhouettes of all these things, and yellow eyes that glowed like flashlights in the dark. She had already bought her prom gown. It was blue. It was beautiful. ‘You're right,' he said when she was done. ‘Bad news. Doesn't sound a bit like you.' His face was grave and she felt a cool slice of terror. Then he smiled-he had a very jolly smile-and the darknesss retreated a bit. ‘I kicked a kid in the slats once when he was knocked out. Did I ever tell you about that?' She shook her head. ‘Yeah.' He rubbed his nose reminiscently and his cheek gave a small tic, the way it had when he made his confession about getting the rubber wrong the first time. ‘The kid's name was Danny Patrick. He beat the living shit out of me once when we were in the sixth grade. I hated him, but I was scared, too. I was laying for him. You know how that is?' She didn't, but nodded anyway. ‘Anyway, he finally picked on the wrong kid a year or so later. Pete Taber. He was just a little guy, but he had lots of muscles. Danny got on him about something. I don't know, marbles or something, and finally Peter just rose up righteous and beat the shit out of him. That was on the playground of the old Kennedy Junior High. Danny fell down and hit his head and went out cold. Everybody ran. We thought he might be dead. I ran away too, but first I gave him a good kick in the ribs. Felt really bad about it afterwards. You going to apologize to her?' It caught Sue flat-footed and all she could was clinch weakly: ‘Did you?' ‘Huh? Hell no! I had better things to do than spend my time in traction. But there's a big difference, Susie.' ‘There is?' ‘It's not seventh grade any more. And I had some kind of reason, even if it was a piss-poor reason. What did that sad, silly bitch ever do to you?' She didn't answer because she couldn't. She had never passed more than a hundred words with Carrie in her whole life, and three dozen or so had come today. Phys. Ed. was the only class they'd had in common since they had graduated from Chamberlain Junior High. Carrie was taking the commercial/business course. Sue, of course, was in the college division. She thought herself suddenly loathsome. She found she could not bear that and so she twisted it at him. ‘When did you start making all these big moral decisions? After you started fucking me?' She saw the good humour fade from his face and was sorry. ‘Guess I should have kept quiet,' he said, and pulled up his pants. ‘It's not you, it's me.' She put a hand on his arm. ‘I'm ashamed, see?' ‘I know,' he said. ‘But I shouldn't be giving advice. I'm not very good at it.' ‘Tommy, do you ever hate being so †¦ well, popular?' ‘Me?' The question wrote surprise on his face. ‘Do you mean like football and class president and that stuff?' ‘Yes.' ‘No. Ifs not very important. High school isn't a very important place. When you're going you think it's a big deal, but when it's over nobody really think. it was great unless they're beered up. That's how my brother and his buddies are, anyway.' It did not soothe her; it made her fears worse. Little Susie mix ‘n match from Ewen High School, Head Cupcake of the entire Cupcake Brigade. Prom gown kept forever in the closet, wrapped in protective plastic. The night pressed dark against the slightly steamed car windows. ‘I'll probably end up working at my dad's car lot,' he said. ‘I'll spend my Friday and Saturday nights down at Uncle Billy's or out at The Cavalier drinking beer and talking about the Saturday afternoon I got that fat pitch from Saunders and we upset Dorchester. Get married to some nagging broad and always own last years model, vote Democrat-‘ ‘Don't,' she said, her mouth suddenly full of a dark, sweet horror. She pulled him to her. ‘Love me. My head is so bad tonight. Love me. Love me.' So he loved her and this time it was different, this time there finally seemed to be room and there was no rubbing but a delicious friction that went up and up: Twice he had to stop, panting, and held himself back, and then he went (he was a virgin before me and admitted it I would have believed a lie) and went hard and her breath came in short, digging gasps and then she began to yell and hold at his back, helpless to stop, sweating, the bad taste washed away, every cell seeming to have its own climax, body filled with sunlight, musical notes in her mind, butterflies behind her skull in the cage of her mind. Later, on the way home, he asked her formally if she would go to the Spring Ball with him. She said she would. He asked her if she had decided what to do about Carrie. She said she hadn't. He said that it made no difference. but she thought that it did. It had begun to seem that it meant all the difference. From Telekinesis: Analysis and Aftermath (Science Yearbook 1982), by Dean K. L. McGuffin: There are, of course, still these scientists today – regretfully, the Duke University people are in their forefront – who reject the terrific underlying implications of the Carrie White affair. Like the Flatlands Society, the Rosicrucians, or the Corlies of Arizona, who are positive that the atomic bomb does not work, these unfortunates are flying in the face of logic with their heads in the sand, and beg your pardon for the mixed metaphor. Of course one is able to understand the consternation, the raised voices, the angry letters and arguments at scientific convocations. The idea of telekinesis itself has been a bitter pill for the scientific community to swallow, with its horror-movie trappings of ouija boards and mediums and table rappings and floating coronets; but understanding will still not excuse scientific irresponsibility. The outcome of the White affair raises grave and difficult questions. An earthquake has struck our order notions of the way the natural world is supposed to act and react. Can you blame even such a renowned physicist as Gerald Luponet for claiming the whole thing is a hoax and a fraud, even in the face of such overwhelming evidence as the White Commission presented? For if Carrie White is the truth, then what of Newton? †¦ They sat in the living room, Carrie and Momma, listening to Tennessee Ernie Ford singing ‘Let the Lower Lights Be Burning' on a Webcor phonograph (which Momma called the victrola, or, if in a particularly good mood, the vic). Carrie sat at the sewing machine, pumping with her feet as she sewed the sleeves on a new dress. Momma sat beneath the plaster crucifix, tatting doilies and bumping her feet in time to the song, which was one of her favourites. Mr P. P. Bliss, who had written this hymn and others seemingly without number, was one of Momma's shining examples of God at work upon the face of the earth. He had been a sailor and a sinner (two terms that were synonymous in Momma's lexicon), a great blasphemer, a laugher in the face of the Almighty. Then a great storm had come up at sea, the boat had threatened to capsize, and Mr P. P. Bliss had gotten down on his sinsickly knees with a vision of Hell yawning beneath the ocean floor to receive him, and he had prayed to God. Mr P. P. Bliss promised God that if He saved him, he would dedicate the rest of his life to Him. The storm, of course, had cleared immediately. Brightly beams our Father's mercy From his lighthouse evermore, But to us he gives the keeping Of the lights along the shore †¦ All of Mr P. P. Bliss's hymns had a seagoing flavour to them. The dress she was sewing was actually quite pretty, a dark wine colour-the closest Momma would allow her to red-and the sleeves were puffed. She tried to keep her mind strictly on her sewing, but of course it wandered. The overhead fight was strong and harsh and yellow, the small dusty plush sofa was of course deserted (Carrie had never had a boy in To Sit), and on the far wall was a twin shadow: the crucified Jesus, and beneath Him, Momma. The school had called Momma at the laundry and she had come home at noon. Carrie had watched her come up the walk, and her belly trembled. Momma was a very big woman, and she always wore a hat. Lately her legs had begun to swell, and her feet always seemed on the point of overflowing her shoes. She wore a black cloth coat with a black fur collar. Her eyes were blue and magnified behind rimless bifocals. She always carried a large black satchel purse and in it was her change purse, her billfold (both black), a large King James Bible (also black) with her name stamped on the front in gold, and a stack of tracts secured with a rubber band. The Tracts were usually orange, and smearily printed. Carrie knew vaguely that Momma and Daddy Ralph had been Baptists once but had left the church when they became convinced that the Baptists were doing the work of the Antichrist. Since that time, all worship had taken place at home. Momma held worship on Sundays, Tuesdays, and Fridays. These were called Holy Days. Momma was the minister, Carrie the congregation. Services lasted from two to three hours. Momma had opened the door and walked stolidly in. She and Carrie had stared at each other down the short length of the front hall for a moment, like gunfighters before a shootout. It was one of those brief moments that seem (fear could it really have been fear in momma's eyes) much longer in retrospect. Momma closed the door behind her. ‘You're a woman,' she said softly. Carrie felt her face twisting and crumpling and could not help it. ‘Why didn't you tell me?' she cried. ‘Oh Momma, I was so scared! And the girls all made fun and threw things and-‘ Momma had been walking towards her, a now her hand flashed with sudden limber speed, a hard hand, laundry-calloused and muscled. It struck her backhand across the jaw and Carrie fell down in the doorway between the hall and the living room, weeping loudly. ‘And God made Eve from the rib Of Adam,' Momma said. Her eyes were very large in the rimless glasses; they looked like poached eggs. She thumped Carrie with the side of her foot and Carrie screamed. ‘Get up, woman. Let's get in and pray. Let's pray to Jesus for our womanweak, wicked, sinning souls.' ‘Momma' The sobs were too strong to allow more. The latent hysterics had come out grinning and gibbering. She could not stand up. She could only crawl into the living room with her hair hanging in her face, braying huge hoarse sobs. Every now and again Momma would swing her foot. So they progressed across the living room toward the place of the altar, which had once been a small bedroom. ‘And Eve was weak and – say it, woman. Say it-‘ ‘No, Momma, please help me-‘ The foot swung. Carrie screamed. ‘And Eve was weak and loosed the raven on the world,' Momma continued, ‘and the raven was called Sin, and the first Sin was Intercourse. And the Lord visited Eve with a Curse, and the Curse was the Curse of Blood. And Adam and Eve were driven out of the Garden and into the World and Eve found that her belly had grown big with child.' The foot swung and connected with Carrie's rump. Her nose scraped the wood floor. They were entering the place of the altar. There was a cross on a table covered with an embroidered silk cloth. On either side of the cross there were white candles. Behind this were several paint-by-the-numbers of Jesus and His apostles. And to the right was the worst place of all, the home of terror, the cave where all hope, all resistance to God's will – and Momma's – was extinguished. The closet door leered open. Inside, below a hideous blue bulb that was always lit, was Derrault's conception of Jonathan Edwards' famous sermon. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. ‘And there was a second Curse, and this was the Curse of Childbearing, and Eve brought forth Cain in sweat and blood.' Now Momma dragged her, half-standing and half-crawling, down to the altar, where they both fell on their knees. Momma gripped Carrie's wrist tightly. ‘And following Cain, Eve gave birth to Abel, having not yet repented of the Sin of Intercourse. And so the Lord visited Eve with a third Curse, and this was the Curse of Murder. Cain rose up and slew Abel with a rock. And still Eve did not repent, nor all the daughters of Eve, and upon Eve did the Crafty Serpent found a kingdom of whoredom and pestilences.' ‘Momma!' she shrieked. ‘Momma, please listen! It wasn't my fault!' ‘Bow your head,' Momma said. ‘Let's us pray.' ‘You should have told me!' Momma brought her hand down on the back of Carrie's neck, and behind it was all the heavy muscle developed by eleven years of slinging heavy laundry bags and trucking piles of wet sheets. Carrie's eye-bulging face jerked forward and her forehead smacked the altar, leaving a mark and making the candles tremble. ‘Let's us pray,' Momma said softly, implacably. Weeping and snuffling, Carrie bowed her head. A runner of snot hung pendulously from her nose and she wiped it away. (if i had a nickel for every time she made me cry here) with the back of her hand. Lord,' Momma declaimed hugely, her head thrown back, ‘help this sinning woman beside me here see the sin of her days and ways. Show her that if she had remained sinless the Curse of Blood never would have come on her. She may have committed the Sin of Lustful Thoughts. She may have been listening to rock ‘n roll music on the radio. She may have been tempted by the Antichrist. Show her that this is Your kind, vengeful hand at work and-‘ ‘No! Let me go!' She tried to struggle to her feet and Momma's hand, as strong and pitiless as an iron manacle, forced her back to her knees. ‘-and Your sign that she must walk the straight and narrow from here on out if she is to avoid the flaming agonies of the Eternal Pit. Amen.' She turned her glittering, magnified eyes upon her daughter. ‘Go to your closet now.' ‘No!' She felt her breath go thick with terror. ‘Go to your closet. Pray in secret. Ask forgiveness for your sins.' ‘I didn't sin, Momma. You sinned. You didn't tell me and they laughed.' Again she seemed to see a flash of fear in Momma's eyes, gone as quickly and soundlessly as summer lightning. Momma began to force Carrie toward the blue glare of the closet. ‘Pray to God and your sins may be washed away.' ‘Momma, you let me go.' ‘Pray, woman.' ‘I'll make the stones come again, Momma.' Momma halted. Even her breath seemed to stop in her throat for a moment. And then the hand tightened on her neck, tightened, until Carrie saw red, lurid dots in front of her eyes and felt her brain go fuzzy and far-off. Momma's magnified eyes swam in front of her. ‘You spawn of the devil,' she whispered. ‘Why was I so cursed?' Carrie's whirling mind strove to find something huge enough to express her agony, shame, terror, hate, fear. It seemed her whole life had narrowed to this miserable, beaten point of rebellion. Her eyes bulged crazily, her mouth, filled with spit, opened wide. ‘YOU SUCK!' she screamed. Momma hissed like a burned cat. ‘Sin!' she cried. ‘O, Sin! She began to beat Carrie's back, her neck, her head. Carrie was driven, reeling, into the close blue glare of the closet. ‘YOU FUCK!' Carrie screamed. (there there o there it's out how else do you think she got you o god o good) She was whirled into the closet headfirst and she struck the far wall and fell on the floor in a semidaze. The door slammed and the key turned. She was alone with Momma's angry God. The blue light glared on a picture, of a huge and bearded Yahweh who was casting screaming multitudes of humans down through cloudy depths into an abyss of fire. Below them, black horrid figures struggled through the flames of perdition while The Black Man sat on a huge flame-coloured throne with a trident in one hand. His body was that of a man, but he had a spiked tail and the head of a jackal.

Macbeth’s diary

On the day that the battle had ended, I galloped through the misted heath on my valiant steed. Along side my trust worthy, noble partner Banpuo. The battle had been against the traitors of the king's victorious country. As I galloped I looked apon the heath as if it was my own. Our clothes dripped with the blood or the rebels. One clear image remains, an image of McDonald, and I, Macbeth, unseaming him from the nave to the chop. In the distance were three figures. As they became clearer I sensed that Banpuo became unsteady on his horse. As we continued the figures also continued to become clearer. The figures were not man or women. Not black or white. An expeditious decision led me to believe that the figures were witches. At that point I became uneasy on my steed as my fear grew. I stepped down from my horse closely followed by the brother I never had. Banquo gasped I breathed in deeply and stepped forward. He then asked how far isn't called to Forrest. He rapidly stepped back, I followed his eye movement and it was at that moment I realised that they were not to be taken lightly. Then as I stared in horror and a slight fear, Banquo began to speak. I then stood straight demanded for them to speak unless it was beyond their ability. They stepped forward and then they began to reveal themselves to us. They called upon me as my thane name. I lowered my head a little so that they would know that this was I. I looked at Banquo, he seemed to be as confused as I was. Then a second stepped forward. It also called out but this time of a different name. ‘Thane of Cawdor' is how they addressed me. So many questions went through my head. How Thane of Cawdor – he still lived. Then before I could ask myself any more questions, a third stepped forward to join the other two. Only this time it said, â€Å"All hail Macbeth! That shall be king hereafter!† Those words where the so exhilarating but at the same time I had so many questions. How? The king had two sons. I was no relation. But what if it was true how would it happen I could only think of one thing. No it will not happen. The only reason I met the witches was because I was on my back form a battle in which I had fought for king and country. Then I looked at Banquo; he then asked me why I seemed to fear. After he spoke this he stepped forward and wanted to know his destiny (if that was what they spoke of or maybe it is truth.) Then all three witches hailed Banquo but I was put to rest when they said â€Å"Hail Banquo lesser than Macbeth† I let out a sigh, â€Å"But then greater†. How greater than king. If I was to become king I knew that he couldn't be better than be as I had been greater than he had all of my life. Then the witch's started to drift away but they would not. I demanded for them to stop but no such reply did I get from the imperfect speakers. I was shocked yet all I could think about was why would Banquo's sons be king and not my own. I looked back at were my horse stood. I climbed upon my trustful steed and galloped deep into the heath with Banquo aside me. I recall the sound of footsteps. In front of us were Ross and Angus bringing news of the king's greatest gratitude. I was showered with praise then I heard what would be some of the most memorable words in my intire life. † And, for n earnest of a greater honour. He blade me from him call thee thane of Cawdor† Banquo yelled out in my presence â€Å"What can the devil speak true?† A thousand questions trust trough my mind. How, Why. The thane of Cawdor still lived. Was it a joke? No truth was spoken. I asked them why they dressed me in borrowed robes. They told me how he was under heavy judgement. I remember asking Banquo if he hoped that his children would be kings. As the first part of the devils words came true for me. I thought about the two truths that they spoke off. I was rapt. I felt as if I cleaved not to their mould. I wondered whether the message was good or bad. I had a very sudden thought. A horrid image or death and murder, evil. I was given the titles Glamis and Cawdor with out killing but then again king is a much greater title. I wanted to see the king maybe to remind myself of the good man that he was. I stirred, I was horrid, Banquo seemed to want to go but I was still very weary of what Banquo was feeling. I felt anxious to be king for it was always my dream it brought back memories and dreams that I once had to be king. Would they finally come true? Before I left I sent a letter to my dear wife telling her of my encounter with the witches and my thoughts about Banquo's supposed future. As Banquo and I fled into the castle accompanied by Ross and Angus, King Duncun labelled me worthy cousin. At this point in time I was overwhelmed with emotions. I was proud because the king of Scotland said that I as his worthy cousin. But also that it was another reason for me not to kill him after all being labelled a worthy cousin of the king is reward in its self. I was smiling but I couldn't help but wonder to myself if I was just pretending to like when I knew that it would only fill me with more contrition than I already had. I told Duncun of how I owed him everything and that doing it was a reward in itself. How could I lie to my king? I told him â€Å"Is to receive our duties; and our duties are to your throne and state, children and servants.† Then to my complete amazement he announced that he would be coming to my house for a feast. I was over come with astonishment. The king at my house it was such an honour but then after thinking that It was an honour I thought of how uncomfortable I would be knowing that I was thinking about, about murdering the king. Then with out anyone knowing he announced that his son was the new prince of Cumberland. This meant that he was inline to be the next king. So any hopes that I had of me getting the title without doing anything had disappeared. It was at this moment I felt more strongly but also scared about killing the king after all he was my king. The man who gave me such titles as, Thane of Glamis and Thane of Cawdor. As I left the room I tried to find something to hide my anger. So I looked to the stars and asked the solemnly, † Stars hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires.† I wanted to be hidden so that all of my raging anger was concealed. Then I solidly remember what was going through my mind I was thinking and looking at my hand, the hand that might possibly kill the king of Scotland. I wrote a second letter to my wife telling her that the king was coming to our house but also some of my thoughts I didn't want to trouble her with all of them. As I set off the king told everyone to follow me and that I would bid them all welcome to my home. As we all arrived at my castle my wife greeted me not by darling or husband but as great Glamis and worthy Cawdor. This one a exceedingly special occasion for me because my meant so much to me that I felt so proud and just happy. Then I told her when Duncun was coming and when he would hence. As we began to talk about the letters, the witches and all of the happenings she began to seem determined and different in someway I can't explain how. The banquet was set for the king but I could not stay in the Kings Company. The guilt of my thoughts was too much. I was struggling with my conscience. I remember thinking that is I was to it, it would have to be done quickly with no hesitation. But he was a fair king how could I do it, he was such a gentlemen. I was his host I was surpposed to close the door on the murderers not bare the knife myself. If I were to do it there would be tears all over the kingdom and everyone would mourn his death. How could I do it to such a dear and well thought of man? My wife came to speak to me and asked why I left the banquet, I didn't answer, I just wanted to know if he had asked for me. She said no but she also started to insult me because I told her that we would not proceed any further in the business. She was using language that she of all people knew would agitate me no end. I told her to stop but she wouldn't if I was to do. This then I would a monster. I tried to be the best that I could be but for some reason it was only now I felt as if it was insufficient. Then I began to wonder what had changed as she said, â€Å"Be so much the man†¦. I have given suck, and know how tender't is to love the babe that milks me.† Had she really changed or was she just trying to shock me into the action. Either way I felt as if it was working. But what if we should fail? My doubts grew yet as she answer they all began to dissolved like a drug in water. I began to feel as if my wife was stronger than I was. I was just filled with a feeling of confusion. Then out of nowhere she suggested to blame the guards that would lay outside the king's chamber. Then I told her that she should only give birth to males. I couldn't kill him; she must have seen my doubts in my expressions because once again she began to attack my manhood. Then putting my entire disbelief aside I settled on the decision that I would do it I would kill the king of Scotland. I would kill him but until then I would be like a flower hiding the great serpent. As I walked through the long corridors that seemed never ending, I recall seeing Banquo and his son Fleance. I felt so much guilt for the intense concoctions that brewed in my mind. When Banquo informed me of his dream about the witch's I was overwhelmed with guilt for lying to such a pure man. As I left Banquo I proceeded along the long and winding corridors, a fatal vision appeared before my eyes. Could the mind create such a false vision? I said to myself. As I looked closer it seemed to resemble a dagger of my own. I reached for my dagger grasping it but never taking my eyes of the dagger. Then I tried to grasp it but to my own amassment my hand went straight through it. It began to move, so I followed it my heart pounding like the drums at a beheading. I was short of breath and my mouth was completely dry. Whilst I was following the knife I realised that it was leading me to the king's chamber. I felt as if the witches were there, that they were influencing me but I still decided to follow the dagger. I felt that on a night such as the one that night there was evil in the air. Then out of nowhere gouts of blood appeared on the dagger dripping from the tip. This disturbed me because even though I have seen lots of blood before never the kings. I felt like a ghost, almost invisible as I walked through the passages getting closer to the King's room. All of a sudden the bell that invited me to Duncun's murder chimed. The bell of Duncun's death called me. I looked out of the and then for the first time taking my eyes of the bloody dagger. I peered out of the window and found myself lost in thought. I was sweating and was very hot I went into the room were the king lay asleep and the deed was done†¦ Then suddenly I heard footsteps I felt uneasy and quit scared. My mouth became dry once again and my palms became very sweaty. Then my wife appeared I was breathing heavily. With two bloodstained daggers in my hands. I told her that the deed was done. I began to hear things. I was extremely effected by the murder that I had committed that I had forgotten the instructions that my wife had given me. As I had still had the bloodstained daggers in my hand which dripped the blood of Duncun. I told her that I was never going in there again. I just couldn't go back in the room were the king had died, were he was murdered, by me. Her anger was immense she quickly took them from me and followed her own instructions. I remember feeling and knowing that I would be dammed for this dishonourable crime that committed. I was looking at my hands so red so wet†¦ so bloody. Such a sight will remain in my mind forever! I heard one of the guards screaming murder! He was saying prayers. I was so frightened. I was sweating; I could feel the river flowing down my back and trickling down my forehead down to my nose then into my mouth the salty sensation almost took my mind of the murder. Only to be interrupted by my oh so changed attitude from my wife. It was remarkable; I didn't know that someone so close to me, someone who I had known for so long could change so quickly and considerably. I would sleep no more. I felt so scared that I would never sleep or even be able to rest again. I could never of thought that this murder would effect me this much but it did and that in itself confused me. I was indescribable fear. No words can say what I was going through. It was the worst moment of my life. Suddenly there was knocking at the door, which gave me a fright, I yelled with no hesitance, â€Å"Wake Duncun with thy knocking! I would thou coulst!† I regret saying this, and then my wife dragged out me away. As I walked down stairs in a fresh set of cloths Macduff and Lennox were there. Macduff asked me if Duncun was awake, so I took them to Duncun as we walked Lennox and Macduff kept on asking me questions. Each time I was filled with dread and deep remorse. Almost every sentence from my mouth was a lie. Then we arrived at the door; I was the only one there who really knew what was inside. Macduff went inside the room, whilst Lennox and I stood outside. He was telling me about the weather last night, he was taking about hearing screaming and strange things happened. I was being eaten from the inside. Macduff ran out of the chamber and screamed â€Å"O horror! †¦ Horror! †¦ Horror!† We both asked what he was talking about, I felt expectant, and I was just waiting for him to say it was Macbeth who killed him but he didn't. Lennox was confused but I knew what he meant. We went into the room and we looked around. Outside I could hear Macduff shouting things like, † Ring the alarm bell!†¦ Murder and treason!† Everyone was outside so I killed the guards and made it look like an act of anger when I did this I thought that it would take the focus from me but to Macduff it just made it worse. He asked my why I did it, I thought that he was suspicious, I told him that I couldn't help it and that I was so angry that I saw the blood on them and their daggers that I just lashed out. My dear wife then fainted, I think she did this because she knew that I was not up to talking to anyone at the moment and I might have broken down. Then Banquo said something unforgettable to me, â€Å"And question this most bloody piece of work to know it further.† I knew that he would be suspicious. He thought that there was more to his death. This made me very worried I thought that I had very good reason. I thought that I was finished. I mean he was there when I met the witch's. Then with good reason the two sons of the king Donalbain and Malcolm fled the country afraid of their own lives. So I, Macbeth, was crowned the new king of Scotland my coronation was brief but for filling I was proud of myself even though I was not proud of what I did to do it. Then came the day after my egotistical coronation. I felt so much better because I was organising a banquet to celebrate my coronation. I saw Banquo in the morning and questioned what he was doing for the day. I told him that I wanted him to come to the banquet. Banquo and Fleance left for a day of hunting. I spoke to the rest of my men and told them that they could have the rest of the day of until seven o'clock when they would all attend the banquet. As everyone but one of my many servants left the room, I told my servant to fetch me those men. As I was left alone I began to speak to myself and re assure myself that I had to do this to keep my crown safe and that I needed to be done if I wanted to keep my crown. He was the competition he would produce a long line of kings, inless I stopped him and to do that I would have to kill him and his son. For the first time I felt determined but I also felt something's that had been frequent in my feelings like fear and anger. If I wouldn't keep the crown then it was fruitless. I was not willing to let that happen so I decided that when the murderers got back I was to give them the go ahead, to kill Banquo and Fleance. My servant and two murderers came through the door. I didn't want to speak with them for long so I just told him that Fleance's death was just as important as Banquo's and that it must be done far away from the palace also that it was to be done that very same night. Even th ough I was swamped with guilt and anger I also knew that it had to be done. I didn't tell my wife, I locked her out because I had a feeling that she wouldn't be able to deal another murder. I went to see her; she was my clueless wife. I was trying to protect her, I told her, â€Å"Thou know'st that Banquo and his Fleance lives.† Something would be done when the darkness came then I would be jocund. Then I left her to get ready for my Banquet to celebrate that I became king. The Banquet was ready everyone had arrived accept for Banquo, I walked swiftly into the room and the atmosphere was like no other. Everyone stood up and applauded me. This was the proudest moment of my intire life†¦ king such an achievement, I thought it could only be dreamed about until that moment in time. As my lords who were once my fellow fighters stood up I looked around but did not see Macduff. But at that moment in time I want bothered. I could feel my jaw aching from the full smile on my face. I looked around and saw a spare seat upon my men and lords so I walked over and sat with them. I did this so that they would think of me as a peoples king, a good king. As I began to sit down. Lurking in the doorway was one of the murderers walked over to him and said, † There's blood upon thy face!† To my greatest satisfaction he told me that it was Banquo's blood. I told him that it is better on him than inside Banquo. He told me of how he slit his throat. Relief ran through my veins. But before I got to excited I asked about his, but there was no such luck to be had there. He notified me that he had run away. I was filled with dread something had to be done but what I didn't know what. I was filled with complete horror I was shocked, mortified and extremely troubled. I melted into as much fear that was in my bones when I committed the murder of Duncun. As I turned round I tried my best to be strong; I fled back to the spare seat only to be greeted by the cold corps of Banquo. All I could do was shout which one of you has done this? â€Å"What my lord?† They were totally clueless; I reacted to the goast almost screaming at it, Thou canst not say I did it! . . . Never shake thy gory locks at me! My wife then whispered to me, â€Å"Are you a man?† I told her that I was but a bold one, she kept answering back so I told her to look and behold. Then the ghost disappeared, I told her victim's appered with twenty mortal murders on their crowns, and push us from our stools. This was stranger than such a murder was. Then I spoke to my company and told them not to look mutely at me. Then the ghost reappeared at first I didn't see it but when I did I quickly reacted by yelling avaunt and quit my sight! Let the earth hide me. The reason that I remember so much about it is because it was such an ugly sight that I will never forget what I had to say to him or it. My wife lied to my guests telling them that I was ill. Then I carried on shouting, screaming trying to scramble to safety in my mind. It disappeared so I said †¦why so †¦ being gone. I was still unaware that only I could see the ghost, I was speaking to my guests but I don't remember what I was saying. Ross then said, â€Å"What sights, my lord?† It was only now that I finally realised that only I could see the ghost, my wife told everyone to leave us and Lennox told me to have better health. After everyone had left I told my wife that there was no going back and that I would be punished for this. I decided to go back the witch's, I am determined to know what's going to happen to me next. I knew that I had to find out what was to come and if it was worse than had already come. Before I left I asked if she had noticed if Macduff was at the banquet that started of to be a celebration. She said no, so I began to worry about his suspicions and why he wasn't there. Having found no conciliation or help I decided to go to bed and then in the morning return to the heath where it had all started. After a restless night, I had decided to go to the heath to find the witch's. As I arrived at the heath upon where we had first met I saw the hags and addressed them for what they were. When I called them old hags it was to try and show them that I had more power than they did. I soon realised that they were not afraid when then replied, † A deed without a name.† This worried me slightly, I remember thinking what I was thinking trying to overpower such evil. I demanded to know what was coming I educated them with what I had to say. Then I told them that I demanded them to see their masters and not hear from them. As I was waiting the flashes of lightning and the lions roaring from above shocked me. Then all of the witches chanted, † Come high or low, thyself and office deftly show.† It was at this moment that I knew that I was going to find out what my future was. Then suddenly, out of the cauldron arose an armed head and spoke, † Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff!† I had come to the heath looking for good news, some informative information but so far all I had got was confirmed suspicions. I said a quick thank you and asked them to know more and to tell me of it. â€Å"He will not be commanded. Here's another more potent that the first.† One of the witches's quickly announced. Then another image appeared from the cauldron called on me just as the first but then said, † Be bloody, bold and resolute. Laugh to scorn the power of man; for none of women born shall harm Macbeth.† Why should I fear, all men are born of a woman then why should I fear? It was at this point I began to wonder if I was immortal, if I was blessed with the gift of ever lasting life. I will remember those words for as long as I shall live. Then I had an outburst and shouted and then live Macduff. What need I fear? But just in case I was to have him killed I remember feeling such relief, joy, delight, I had renewed bravery and a new spirit. Then another apparition arose from the cauldron and it was a child, crowned, with a tree in his hand. At first I remember not knowing what it meant so I asked the witch's what it was, they told me to listen but not to speak do I did and only to find out the best news so far. It said that I would not vanquish until the great Birnam wood moves. This only confirmed my suspicions about being immortal. Then the cauldron began to disappear and the next eight kings of Scotland appeared all resembling and carrying Banquo's spirit. I screamed out to the witch's and interrogated them on why they showed me this. Before I could ask them anything else they danced and vanished. All of a sudden Lennox appeared startling me, I asked if he had seen the hags, he replied with a simple no. Looking back I don't remember all that he said but I did hear the sound that triggered my anger and my fear, which was that Macduff had fled to England. This meant that I couldn't kill him. So instead I went to his ca stle were I was to kill his wife and babes. So of we went to the castle. I told all of my attendants not to bring me anymore reports that I didn't care, until the wood moves I shall not fear. I remember that no matter how many times I said it I didn't fear, if anything it made me stronger. I felt so succour, so safe and strong. Not just my heart but my mind, for the first time in a long time. I was interrupted by one of my servants, he informed me that there were English soldiers in their thousands. I began to realise the depth in which I had sunk. I called in my chief officer, Seyton, and I told him to tell me what was happening with the English. He said â€Å"All is confirmed, my lord, which was reported.† At this I recall asked him to bring me my armour, but he then went on to saying that it was not needed yet. I turned to my doctor and asked him how the patient was referring to my wife. He then said that she wasn't so sick but she did see fancies that stooped her from sleeping. I wanted it all to just go away, my wife did not deserve to not sleep. I did the deed so I should be punished. She did nothing so why was she suffering so much? Then I shouted out that I would no fear till the wood of Birnam wood come to Dunsinane. I met with my soldiers to tell them that I did not fear that they would not starve me out. I could feel my strength and my security. Then I heard an ear piecing scream from above, I had almost forgotten the taste and smell of fear itself. I was told that it was my wife's cry. This made me feel like falling to my knees. But I couldn't deal with it; the English soldiers were coming. After doing everything I now have no one to share it with no one. Then one of my servants rushed in and I told him that I didn't want to hear it. But still he told me, â€Å"I looked towards Birnam and anon the wood began to move. I screamed liar slave! I remember being in extreme anger and disbelief. Then I went with the messenger to see for myself and when I did I felt a shiver down my spine I began to doubt the witch's. Still with some respect left I took all my strength and went to the gate with my amour on to face the fiends. The alarms where sounded and I appeared to show my face to Macduff. I wasn't afraid of him because no man could kill me so I told him and the answer was not so nice as the question he told me that he was ripped from his mothers whom. This made me scared, the witch's had tricked me into thinking that I was immortal and that no man could kill me. But I was not a coward I told Macduff that I would fight only to lose. We fought our heavy swords dragging us down. I felt as if every muscle was being dragged out of my body and then Macduff drew his sword at me for one last time and†¦

Human Resource Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resource Planning - Essay Example At the moment, the organization needs to hire competent individuals that are capable of providing the services. The problem of limited cash flows is affecting the recruitment process; the company simply cannot pay for quality services. In the coming years, the organization will be in dire need of individuals that are capable of promoting the company’s image to attract more donors. Currently, the cash flows are dwindling, and it is negatively effecting everything that the company does. The company needs healthy donations to effectively run its operations. Relying solely on volunteers is harmful to ‘going concern’ of the company. First and foremost, Juanita needs to get her authority, and power expanded. Without the power to effectively manage people and resources she will remain ineffective, and the company will never get out of hot waters. Juanita is already on the right track. Instead of making frequent appointments, she has setup her group over the email, and she is in touch with them. Juanita is new, and she is learning more about the company every day. The first step is obviously meeting the company personnel and assuring them that the HR manager is there to help achieve better results for the company. The first step towards improving employee performance is to cut the dead weight. Juanita did her research and found that there are people in the company who do not have any significant work, but they are still getting the paychecks. If the company carries on the same pattern it will have ripple effects as others will see that idlers are getting paid for doing nothing so why should they work so hard. Second, the company needs to formulate its HR policy exactly according to the laws that apply to a Non for Profit organization. This will help promote the better image of the company as new recruits will notice that the company operates in accordance with

Calculation of Decreasing Return to Scale Assignment - 16

Calculation of Decreasing Return to Scale - Assignment Example Assume that K=5 and L=4, therefore, F (K, L) =K+L ²=5+ (4) ²=21. Supposing that K is increased by one unit and L is reduced by 1 unit, such that the new K=6 and the new L=3. The new output will be; F (K, L) =K+L ²=6+ (3) ²= 15 units. The rate of growth increases upward starting from point M up to a stable state point b where it remains constant and starts declining slowly towards the Right (Jones, pp.165). c).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If A grew at a constant rate, GDP will consequently grow because as one of the input is increased, GDP increases. d). Consumption reduces savings and investment, therefore, if TFP increases economy will grow.     5). a). If investment rates double, GDP per capital would also double because investment has a proportional impact on GDP per capita.   6). a).At steady state, capital stock and depreciation are offset. Dk=0 i = sy = s f (k) Where i=investment, and =depreciation (Jones, pp.175-180) Dk =s* f (k) – dk At steady state=2648billions-8%Ãâ€"2648billion The steady state capital stock for the economy=$2436.16 b). 2648billions-20%Ãâ€"2648billion=$2118.4 c). Dk =s* f (k) – dk   Ã‚  Ã‚  

Supply Chain Management, Vertical Integration and Horizontal Research Paper

Supply Chain Management, Vertical Integration and Horizontal Integration of Business Structure - Research Paper Example There are two main issues that we need to consider when making a decision for the vertically integrated, these issues are control and cost. However, the cost feature relies on the cost of marketplace transactions among corporate versus the cost of administering similar activities within a single corporate. On the other hand, the next concern is the influence of asset control that is able to influence barriers to entry as well as that can make a certain collaboration of main value-adding players (Susan Crawford blog, 2010). According to (Clinton et al., 2008) there are a lot of advantages of the vertical integration that potentially a present reduction in transportation costs if general possession results in nearer geographic proximity. In addition, it enhances the supply chain coordination. Also, it offers additional opportunities to differentiate through augmented control over inputs. Since the vertical integration captures downstream or upstream profit margins. This also augments the entry barriers to potential business competitors, for instance, if the company is able to achieve sole access to a limited resource (Clinton et al., 2008). According to (Clinton et al., 2008), there are also various drawbacks those can negate some of the potential gains attained through vertical integration. The main problem is about the capacity balancing. For instance, the corporation can require constructing excess upstream capability to make sure that its downstream operations have enough supply beneath all demand circumstances. In addition, there is a problem of the potentially high costs because of little efficiencies consequential such as lack of supplier competition. Also, there is some decreased flexibility because of the previous downstream or upstream investments. Furthermore, there is some less capability to augment product diversity if major in-house development is needed.     Ã‚  

How Indian affairs led to tadays foreign affairs Essay

How Indian affairs led to tadays foreign affairs - Essay Example It is evident that the evolution of the United States has led to it becoming a superpower. In most cases, the ideology is that it grew from the declaration of independence; however, the nature of the United States cannot be merely noted or considered to be based on its independence. The lands that the country has grown from must be attributed to the Native American Indians, who roamed the land prior to the American establishment. The development of the United States cannot be solely attributed to the land; various ideologies and factors were copied or integrated into the nature of the existence of the United States. It is considered that there are number of founding truths that serve to explain or illustrate the existence and development of the United States. The truths cannot be overlooked as they are an underlying factor in American history. As the first individuals to reside on the land now known as the United States, they were an isolated tribe and it meant that they were quite p eaceful in their nature. Their wipeout came after Columbus set foot onto the land, where 90 percent died due to exposure to diseases. Since they were unable to counter the diseases, they were fell sick and died. This provided the aspect of the element of development of cures for diseases such as syphilis to avoid a case of the elimination of the Native Americans. The American Indians may have been far inferior to the Americans based historical events. However, the element of the American Indians served to provide a model as to how the Americans can establish their foreign policy. With regard to developing a foreign policy, the hospitality that was given to Columbus upon his arrival in North America is something that is used and shown in the American nature both inside and outside the country. The United States is eager to help other countries and they do this through the use of funding and use of labor to support a cause or ideology. This may not have been the aspects that the Nativ e Americans used during their time. However, the ideology that was used at the time is similar in the manner in which it was applied. The Bill of Rights can be attributed to the Influence of the Native Americans. Thomas Jefferson noticed the manner I which the Indians who were used as slaves felt the effects of their oppression, and it influenced the development of the bill of rights, which is an illustration of the elements that can be considered to be the tools that define an individual’s freedom. The Bill of rights can be considered to be influenced by the Indians as their nature or lack of freedom limitation was an ideology that was applied in the development of the bill of rights. The United States of America can also be considered to be an establishment that was also influenced by the American Indians. The latter lived in different communities that were based on tribes but still part of a collective unit based on whom they were (American Indians). The use of different c ommunities that were still in the same region influenced the development of the states of America but still collectively considered to be a country. The respect for boundaries is a policy that is implemented even today. Regarding Canada and Mexico, the development of the boundaries are well respected and that can be attributed to the Native Americans who had a general respect for their territories and their rules that were part

Natural Law Jurisprudence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Natural Law Jurisprudence - Essay Example Jurisprudence implies creating a body of law and methods for interpreting the law, studying the relationships between law and society, and predicting the effects of legal decisions . It is the science or philosophy of law. It applies to substantive law and to the legal system in general. It is based on the fundamental principle of 'just society' which means in a democratic country, all are equal and their rights (personal and property rights) should be protected before law. Judges apply it without favor or fear. Jurisprudence implies creating a body of law and methods for interpreting the law, studying the relationships between law and society, and predicting the effects of legal decisions.(Wikipedia) . The purpose of jurisprudence is to "achieve social order through subjecting people's conduct to the guidance of general rules by which they may themselves orient their behavior" (Fuller 1965, 657). The word ' Teleology is derived from the Greek word 'telos, which means "goal", purpose".(- page : socillogy 3rd ref ). The ancient world was permeated by teleological thought, that is, a belief that everything has a pre-ordained purpose - there's a pattern to the world and to each thing in it . (Socrates, Aristotle, the Stoics - also the Oracle in The Matrix). It is based on the Greek concept of 'eudemonism' which means that people live a satisfying life based on Universal laws. The Greeks viewed the universe as self correcting." The state, like all things, has a certain end. A just state is one that is organized in such a way as to achieve this teleological purpose."( Plato : The Republic)."Within the state, every person has a role or function, and 'just conduct' lies in fulfilling his or her role. "( Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World). Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas were great supporters of teleology .Whether " Natural Law Jurisprudence automatically lends itself to the teleolo gical approach" In order to analyze this question , first we have to understand the characteristics of Natural law and teleology . Natural Law Jurisprudence has the following distinguishing features which separates it from teleological law . i. Natural law is universal and unchanging - it's always available to legislators, judges and citizens of any jurisdiction in the field of justice - correcting wrongs and distributing goods (Harris) ii. The sources of natural law are customs, usages, case laws and precedents iii. It is discoverable by human reason iv. Natural law attempts to analyze, explain, classify, and criticize entire bodies of law, ranging from contract to tort to constitutional law. v. It commands obedience from people and people obey it in moral sense. vi. In the US and many parts of the world, Natural Law has become very much influential. vii. International law derives its validity from natural law. International Law is based on the principles of Natural law jurisprudence. UN Charter recognizes natural rights, and principles. viii. The formation of the

The NHS Improvement Plan 2004 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The NHS Improvement Plan 2004 - Essay Example imaging tests who do not have an appointment within 20 weeks will be offered the choice of having their scan at another provider within a maximum of 20 weeks. This brings new challenges to the NHS, for it covers all diagnostic imaging tests apart from CT and MRI, and other clinical specialities like echocardiography, ultrasound scanning performed in urology/urodynamics and GI physiology, and vascular scanning performed in vascular technology departments. This obviously brings the independent providers into the scene. It is true that whenever choice is introduced, local services tend to improve. Firstly, the threat of competition leads local services to improve their standards. Second, choice leads to the creation of new provision which benefits local people. This will certainly ring true for the imaging services as well. People are to have control over issues like when and where to get a screening done and thereby ensure the quality and convenience that they want. But the local independent sector providers are more or less new to the market. As such, strong management and co-ordination of services by clinicians, radiographers and managers is imperative for ensuring the safety of the patients. Moreover, there are various concerns about the quality of service provided by the independent sector. In June 2004, Alliance Medical Ltd. won a contract to supply the NHS with 130000 MRI Scans per annum for five years. The contract was widely criticised by healthcare unions, including the Society of Radiographers (SoR) which said that the government should have consulted radiographers and those who knew the service best. Patients given MRI scans by Alliance Medical Ltd... The researcher of this essay aims to critically evaluate the statement "By 2008, the Independent Sector will provide up to 15% of procedures on behalf of the NHS" and indicate what effect this will have on NHS Services provided by Imaging Departments of the United Kingdom. The researcher states that NHS Improvement Plan, 2004, predicts a promising healthcare scenario with the policy makers making it clear that the independent sector will play a key role in delivering NHS care, providing upto 15 percent of procedures on behalf of NHS in order to support capacity and choice. This will certainly provide better opportunities for patients as they will have an increased number of choices. The researcher mentiones that there are various concerns about the quality of service provided by the independent sector today. Thus, an increase in the number of choices will have major implications for imaging services as this has reduced waiting times to a great extent. It is describes that this will c ertainly ring true for the imaging services as well. But problems continue to surface, as the services are not integrated into NHS Departments of Radiology to an extent, which the situation demands. In conclusion, the researcher sums up that an ideal approach, in this case, would be enabling flexibility of staffing, and making the best use of teleradiology with images acquired being transmitted to an available radiologist and at the same time maintaining skills and quality assurance of machines and staff.

Hurricane Charley Essay Example for Free

Hurricane Charley Essay Trees down every where, houses crushed, roofs gone, thousands of people without power, cars damaged, people dieing. Hurricane Charley was perhaps one of most devastating events that I have ever experienced, in my entire life. The next morning after hurricane Charley hit, we drove outside and saw the devastating remains that Charley left. The roads were full of chaos, with no traffic lights, and the gas lines were insanely long. I was very fortunate to only loose my power and cable, in comparison to some people loosing a loved one. This hurricane caused approximately $20 billion in damages, which is nothing compared the 19 lives it took. I learned to never underestimate the effects of a hurricane, always be prepared for a hurricane, and to always think and help the less fortunate. Hurricane Charley wasnt perceived as a very powerful hurricane to a lot of people as it progressed more towards Central Florida. I feel that a lot of people were not very prepared for Charley, just as I wasnt. When I heard about this hurricane coming I thought, Oh, another hurricane coming, there is going to be a lot of rain. I didnt think it was going to be a big deal at all. After the hurricane hit, I realized that I was completely wrong. One should always be prepared for a hurricane. I think that this statement is most definitely true, and should be carried out by everyone. Every household should have plenty of water, money, gas, batteries, flashlights, and many other things stashed away in their houses. There were major gas outages at the gas stations, because people were filling up their generators and cars. One of the major problems was that almost everyone was out of power, so you could cook or keep things cold without a generator. This lead to everyone needed ice to keep their very expensive groceries cold. When I looked back at what resulted from Charley, I actually feel fortunate. Yes, Charley did cause my dad lost business, left a lot of yard for me, left power and cable outages, and hundreds of dollars of meat to go bad. When I thought about this I felt kind of unfortunate but, when I thought about the people that starve day after day on normal bases in places like Africa, I feel fortunate. A lot of people in other countries dont ever have power, cable, or even houses for that matter. I think that after events like this,  we should all pull together and help one another. Volunteer to help your neighbors and people that had it worse then you, have free barbeques with your meat that is going to go bad anyway, and most of all give everyone moral support. I think that Charley was a very important learning experience for a lot of us and should be thought about in different views. If you think about it, were you that effected by hurricane Charley? Did you take your power for granted? Were you well prepared for this hurricane? Did you underestimate Charley? All of these are important things to think about as you look back on Charley.

Alternative Volatility Forecasting Method Evaluation

Alternative Volatility Forecasting Method Evaluation For many financial market applications, including option pricing and investment decisions, volatility forecasting is crucial. Therefore, the research of volatility forecasting has been an active area of study since the past years. In recent years, the emergence of many financial time series methods for volatility forecasting has proved the importance of understanding the nature of volatility in any financial instruments. Often, people will think price is used as an indicator of the stock market performance. Due to the non-stationary nature of price series of the stock market, most researchers actually transformed series of price change (return) or absolute price changes (absolute return) in their studies. There is a difference between the term return and the term volatility. The term volatility is used as a crude measure of the total risk of financial assets. Actually, volatility is the standard deviation or the variance of returns whereas return is merely the changes of prices. An increasingly commonly adopted tool for the measurement of the risk exposure associated with a particular portfolio of assets known as Value at Risk (VaR) involves calculation of the expected losses that might result from changes in the market prices of particular securities (Jorion, 2001; Bessis, 2002). Thus, the VaR of a particular portfolio is defined as the maximum loss on a portfolio occurring within a specified time and with a given (small) probability. Under this approach, the validity of a banks internally modeled VaR is backtested by comparing actual daily trading gains or losses with the estimated VaR and noting the number of exceptions occurring, in the sense of days when the VaR estimate was insufficient to cover actual trading losses, with concerns naturally arising where such exceptions frequently occur, and that can result in a range of penalties for the financial institution concerned (Saunders Cornett, 2003). A crucial parameter in the implementation of parametric VaR calculation methods is an estimate of the volatility parameter that describes the asset or portfolio, or more accurately a forecast of that volatility where the simplifying assumption of constancy is relaxed and time-varying volatility is acknowledged. While it has long been recognized that returns volatility exhibits clustering, such that large (small) returns follow large (small) returns of random sign (Mandelbrot, 1963; Fama, 1965), it is only following the introduction of the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model (Engle, 1982; Bollerslev, 1986) that financial economists have modeled and forecast these temporal dependencies using econometric techniques, and a variety of adaptations of the basic GARCH framework are now widely used in modeling time-varying volatility. In particular, the significance of asymmetric effects in stock index returns has been widely documented, such that equity re turn volatility increases by a greater amount following positive shocks, usually associated with the leverage effect, whereby a firms debt-to-equity ratio increases when equity values decline, and holders of that equity perceive future income streams of the firm as being more risky (Black, 1976; Christie, 1982). Such variance asymmetry has been successfully modeled and forecast in a variety of market contexts (Henry, 1998) using the threshold-GARCH (TGARCH) model (Glosten et al., 1993), and the exponential-GARCH (EGARCH) model (Nelson, 1991) in particular. Problem Statement While risk management practises in financial institutions often rely on simpler volatility forecasting approaches based on heuristics and moving average, smoothing or RiskMetrics techniques, symmetric and asymmetric GARCH models have also recently begun to be considered in the VaR context. However, the standard GARCH model and variants within that class of model impose rapid exponential decay in the effect of shocks on conditional variance. In contrast, empirical evidence has suggested that volatility tends to change slowly and that shocks take a considerable time to decay (Ding et al., 1993). The fractionally integrated-GARCH (FIGARCH) model (Baillie et al., 1996; Chung, 1999) has provided a popular means of capturing and forecasting such non-integrated but highly persistent long memory dynamics in volatility in the recent empirical literature, as well as its exponential (FIEGARCH) variant (Bollerslev Mikkelsen, 1996) which parallels the EGARCH extension of the basic GARCH form, an d therefore provides a generalization capable of capturing both the volatility asymmetry and long memory in volatility which are potential characteristics of emerging equity markets. Research Objectives This paper therefore seeks to extend previous research concerned with the evaluation of alternative volatility forecasting methods under VaR modeling in the context of the Basle Committee criterion for determining the adequacy of the resulting VaR estimates in two ways. First, by broadening the class of GARCH models under consideration to include more recently proposed models such as the FIGARCH and FIEGARCH representations described above, which are capable of accommodating potential fractional integration and the associated long memory characteristics of return volatility, as well as the more simple and computationally less intensive methods commonly used in financial institutions. Second, extending the scope of previous research through evaluative application of these methods to daily index data of nine stock market indexes. Significance of this study The extensive research of volatility forecasting plays an important role for investment, financial risk management, security valuation, and also business decision-making process. Without a proper forecasting tools and research on this field, many financial decision making process will be difficult and risky to be implemented. The positive contribution of volatility forecasting in the field of finance is no doubt a fact as it given many practitioners a mean of guidelines to estimate their management risk such as option pricing, hedging and estimating investment risk. Therefore, it is crucial to study on the performance of different approaches and methods of forecast model to determine the best suitable practical application for different situation. The most common form of financial instrument is the stock market. The stock indices consist of a particular countrys most prominent stocks. Thus, in this study our aim is to focus on forecasting the stock indices volatility of eight different stock indices that provide us the ability to test the forecast approaches. There are quite a number of forecast models since the recent years. However, the new concern is on the performance of these forecast model when incorporated with higher frequency data with the realized volatility method. There are still gap for researching the intra-day data effects on forecasting model which is comparative new as compared to daily data volatility forecasting. The significant role of this study also include whether intra-day data can really help at improving the performance of forecast model to estimate volatility for the stock index. Review of Chapters In this proposal, the report is mainly subdivided into three chapters. Chapter 1 is about the overview of this research which includes the background of the study, the research objective, problem statement, and the significance of this study. Chapter 2 presents the literature review of volatility forecasting, GARCH models, exponentially smoothing and realized volatility. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Volatility forecasting Volatility forecasts are produced by either market-based or time-series methods. Market-based forecasting involves the calculation of implied volatility from current option prices by solving the Black and Scholes option pricing model for the volatility that results in a price equal to the market price. In this paper, our focus is on the development of a new time series method. These methods provide estimates of the conditional variance, à Ã†â€™2t = var(rt | It-1), of the log return, rt, at time t conditional on It à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1, the information set of all observed returns up to time t à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1. This can be viewed as the variance of an error (or residual) term, ÃŽÂ µt, defined by ÃŽÂ µt = rt à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" E(rt | It à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 ), where E(rt | It à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 ) is a conditional mean term, which is often assumed to be zero or a constant. ÃŽÂ µt is often referred to as the price à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“newsà ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 2.2 Overview of standard volatility forecast model 2.2.1 GARCH model GARCH models (Engle, 1982; Bollersle, 1986) are the most widely used statistical models for volatility. GARCH models express the conditional variance as a linear function of lagged squared error terms and lagged conditional variance terms. For example, the GARCH(1, 1) model is shown in the following expression: à Ã†â€™2t = à Ã¢â‚¬ ° + ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ2t à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 + ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã†â€™2t à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1, where à Ã¢â‚¬ °, ÃŽÂ ±, and ÃŽÂ ² are parameters. The multiperiod variance forecast, , is calculated as the sum of the variance forecasts for each of the k periods making up the holding period: where is the one-step-ahead variance forecast. Empirical results for the GARCH(1, 1) model have shown that often ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  (1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ÃŽÂ ±). The model in which ÃŽÂ ² = (1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ÃŽÂ ±) is term integrated GARCH (IGARCH) (Nelson, 1990). Exponential smoothing has the same formulation as the IGARCH(1, 1) model with the additional restriction that à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 0. The IGARCH(1, 1) multiperiod forecast is written as Stock return volatility is often found to be greater following a negative return than a positive return of equal size. This leverage effect has promted the development of a number of GARCH models that allow for asymmetry. The first asymmetric formulation was the exponential GARCH model of Nelson (1991). In this log formulation for volatility, the impact of lagged squared residuals is exponential, which may exaggerate the impact of large shocks. A simpler asymmetric model is the GJRGARCH model of Glosten et al. (1993). The GJRGARCH(1, 1) model is given by , where à Ã¢â‚¬ °, ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ³, and ÃŽÂ ² are parameters; and I[.] is the indicator function. Typically, it is found that ÃŽÂ ± > ÃŽÂ ³, which indicates the presence of the leverage effect. The assumption that the median of the distribution of ÃŽÂ µt is zero implies that the expectation of the indicator function is 0.5, which enables the derivation of the following multiperiod forecast expression: GARCH parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood, which requires the assumption that the standardized errors, ÃŽÂ µt / à Ã†â€™t, are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). Although a Gaussian assumption is common, the distribution is often fat tailed, which has prompted the use of the Student-t distribution (Bollerslev, 1987) and the generalized error distribution (Nelson, 1991). Stochastic volatility models provide an alternative statistical volatility modelling approach (Ghysels et al., 1996). However, estimation of these models has proved difficult and, consequently, they are not as widely used as GARCH models. Andersen et al. (2003) show how daily exchange rate volatility can be forecasted by fitting long-memory, or fractionally integrated, autoregressive and vector autoregressive models to the log realized daily volatility constructed from half-hourly returns. Although results for this approach are impressive, such high frequency data are not available to many forecasters, so there is still great interest in methods applied to daily data. A useful review of the volatility forecasting literature is provided by Poon and Granger (2003). 2.2.2 Exponentially Smoothing Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) is simple and well-known volatility forecast method. The method is based on the simple average of past squared residuals to estimate its variance forecasts. The EWMA allows the latest observations to have a stronger weighted impact on the volatility forecast of past data observations. The equation for the EWMA is shown and written as exponential smoothing in recursive form. The ÃŽÂ ± parameter is the smoothing parameter. The equation: There is no proper guideline or statistic model for exponential smoothing. Generally, literature suggested using reduction in the sum of in-sample one-step-ahead estimation of errors (Taylor, 2004 cited from Gardner, 1985). In RiskMetrics (1996), volatility forecasting for exponential smoothing is recommended to use the following minimisation: In the above equation, ÃŽÂ µ2t is the in-sample squared error which acted as the proxy for actual variance whereby it is said to be not observable. By using ÃŽÂ µ2t as a proxy for variance, the actual squared residual, ÃŽÂ µ2t, is said to be biased and noisy. In Andersen et al. (1998), the research showed the evaluation of variance forecasts using realised volatility as a more accurate proxy. The next section would discuss more on the literature of realised volatility. The usage of high frequency data for realised volatility in forecast evaluation can be applied in parameter estimation for exponential smoothing with the following minimisation expression: . 2.2.3 Realised volatility The recent researchs interest in using a comparative volatility estimator as an alternative has emerged a significant literatures on volatility models that incorporated high frequency data. One of the emerging theories for a comparative volatility estimator is the so called Realized Volatility. Realized volatility is referred as the volatility calculated using a short period time series or using higher frequency periods. In Andersen and Bollerslev (1998) showed that high frequency data can be used to compute daily realize volatility which showed a better true variance than the usual daily return variance. This concept is adopted in Andersen, Bollerslev, Diebold Labys (2003) to forecast the daily stock volatility which found that the additional intraday information are provide better result in forecasting low volume and up market day. The application of realized volatility has also been employed by Taylor (2004) in parameters estimation for weekly volatility forecasting using realised volatility derived from daily data. An encouraging result were showed by using the smooth transition exponential smoothing method whereby the research used eight stock indices to compare the weekly volatility forecast of this method with other GARCH models (Taylor, 2004). The concept of realized volatility has been employed by many researchers in forecasting of many other financial assets such as foreign exchange rates, individual stocks, stock indices and etcetera. One of the early application of realized volatility concept has used spot exchange rates of Deutschemark-US dollar and Japanese Yen-US dollar to show the superiority of using intraday data as realized volatility measure. The sum of squared five-minute high frequency returns incorporated in the forecasting model proved to outperform the daily squared returns as a volatility measure (Andersen et al., 1998). Another similar study done by Martens (2001) has adopted realized volatility in forecasting daily exchange rate volatility using intraday returns. The results showed that using highest available frequency of intraday returns leads to superior daily volatility forecast. Furthermore, realized volatility approach has also been extended to studies for risk and return trade-off using high frequency data. In Bali et al. (2005), the research provided strong positive correlation between risk and return for stock market using high frequency data. The usage of daily realized which incorporated valuable information from intraday returns produce more accurate measure of market risk. In addition to this study, Tzang et al. (2009) as applied the realized volatility approach as a proxy for market volatility rather than squared daily returns to assess the efficiency of various model based volatility forecast. Finally, the findings from a research done by Andersen, Bollerslev, Diebold Labys (2001) shown that realized volatility in certain conditions is free for measurement error and unbiased estimator for return volatility. The proven research has prompted many recent works in forecasting intra-day volatility to applied realized volatility for their studies. This can be observed in McMillan Garcia (2009), Fuertes et al. (2009), Frijns et al.(2008) and Martens (2001). Many researchers exploit the advantage of realised volatility as an unbiased estimators measure for intra-day data and also as a simplified way to incorporated additional information into other forecast models. McMillan et al. (2009) utilised realised volatility to capture intraday volatilities itself as opposed to most researchers that uses realised volatility for daily realised approach. The study showed Hyperbolic Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasity (HYGARCH) as the best forecast model of intra-day volatility. 2.3 Forecast Models used in this study The forecast models that are presented in this study include: Random Walk (RW) 30 days Moving Average (MA30) Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) with =0.06 (RiskMetrics) Exponentially Smoothing with ÃŽÂ ± optimised (ES) Integrated General Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic using daily data (IGARCH) Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (Riskmetrics) on daily realised volatility calculated from intraday data. (EWMA-RV) Exponentially Smoothing with ÃŽÂ ± optimised on daily realised volatility calculated from intraday data. (ES-RV) General Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model with intraday data using realised volatility approach (INTRAGARCH) Integrated General Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with intraday data using realised volatility approach (IGARCH) General Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with daily realised volatility (RV-GARCH) CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Sample selection and description of the study Various comparative forecast models are used in order to evaluate the performance of incorporating intraday data. This study used dataset from nine stock indices include Malaysia (FTSE-BMKLCI), Singapore (STI), Frankfurt-Germany (DAX30), Hong Kong (Hang Seng Index), London-United Kingdom (FTSE100), France (CAC40), Shanghai-China (SSE), Shenzhen-China (SZSE), and United States (SP 100). These series consisted of daily closing prices and also the intraday hourly last price of their respective indices. The daily closing prices were retrieved using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“DataStream Advance 4.0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and also from Yahoo Finance (http://finance.yahoo.com). Whereas, the hourly intraday last prices of these stock indices were retrieved from Bloomberg Terminal from Bursa Malaysia. Each stock index has their respective trading hours last price which produced a different number of observations for each series. The total number of trading hours within the day differed among different stock index. However, the sample period used in this study spanned approximately for 300 trading days, from 15 October 2009 to 15 March 2011. In order to simplify the study, the focus is based on a one-step-ahead volatility forecast. The first 200 trading days log returns were applied to estimate the parameters for various forecast models which is known as the in-sample forecast. The remaining 100 trading days log returns were used for post-sample evaluation. This study aimed to forecast volatility in daily log returns for various forecasting methods and used daily realised volatility as proxy for actual volatility. The next subsections presented the data description and the 10 forecast methods which will be considered in the study. 3.2 Data Analysis 3.2.1 Forecasting Methods This subsection describes the methodology to forecast the in-sample and out-sample performance of various forecast models. The forecast model includes Random Walk (RW), Moving Average, GARCH models, and Exponential smoothing techniques. 3.2.1.1 Standard volatility forecast model using daily returns This project paper adopted the simple moving average of squared residuals from the recent past 30 daily observations which is labelled as MA30 and the Random Walk (RW) for the standard volatility forecast model as performance benchmark. The 30 day simple moving average is given by: Whereby, ÃŽÂ µ2 = (rt ÃŽÂ ¼)2 shown in the previous section. The moving average is able to smooth out the short running fluctuations and emphasize on the long run trends or cycles through a series of averaging different subsets of datasets. On the other hand, the Random Walk (RW) is explained as the forecast result is equal to the actual value of the recent period. The actual value in this study used is the squared residual denoted as, ÃŽÂ µ2t. The equation is as shown below:à ¯? ¥ Tomorrows forecasted value = yesterday actual value ()à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ½ 3.2.1.2 GARCH models for hourly and daily returns There are many different GARCH models for forecasting volatility that can be included in this research. However, the consideration in this study is limited to 2 forecast GARCH models which are the GARCH and IGARCH for practicality. The GARCH models in this study have applied GARCH (1, 1) specifications. The three forecast model used were labelled as IGARCH, INTRA-IGARCH, and INTRA-GARCH models. The IGARCH model is estimated using daily residuals as daily data is easily obtained from the source mentioned above. The general IGARCH forecast model used is given by: à ¯? ¢Ãƒ ¯? ¥ à ¯? ³ But, the parameter estimate generate by EVIEW 7 will be using the following expression: à ¯? ³ à ¯? ¢ à ¯? ¡Ãƒ ¯? ¥ à ¯? ³ However, the INTRA-IGARCH and INTRA-GARCH models used hourly residual data to estimate the forecast for daily realised volatility. The forecast for volatility of these models over an N-trading hours span period would be recognised as the forecast of daily volatility. The N trading hours span period is dependent on the trading hours of a specified stock index. In order to calculate the daily realised volatility, the equation is for N trading hours in a day for a particular stock index is given by: Where period i is the higher frequency of hourly data and the ÃŽÂ µ2t, is the squared residual of the particular hour. For example, if KLCI index has a 7 trading hours per day, the realised daily volatility is calculated from the sum of squared residual of these 7 hours. Additionally, forecast models such as INTRA-IGARCH and INTRA-GARCH applied equation 3 to obtain the daily realised volatility by replacing the squared residual, ÃŽÂ µ2t with values that is forecasted using these models. 3.2.1.3 GARCH model using realised volatility The GARCH model can be estimated using daily realised volatility which is derived from the hourly squared residual with equation 3. In order to apply RV for GARCH forecast model, equation 3 has to be modified to be squared root to be able to obtain the parameter estimates that is needed using EVIEW 6. The equation is as follow: As for this project paper, the GARCH model that used daily realised volatility as input data is labelled as RV-GARCH. 3.2.1.4 Exponential smoothing and EWMA methods The forecast model for exponential smoothing method has been implemented into two approaches. The first is by using minimisation of equation 3 to optimise the parameter and it is labelled as ES for this project paper. The actual value (squared residual), ÃŽÂ µ2t is obtained from the daily data. The second approach which is said to be the better proxy variance forecast has applied equation 4 for the minimisation. The forecast model for this exponential smoothing method is termed as ES-RV which adopted daily realised volatility from hourly data. Apart from that, the study also considered the smoothing parameter ÃŽÂ ± as a fixed value of 0.06 as recommended by RiskMetrics (1996) for model using daily data and daily realised volatility data derived from hourly data. The forecast model is termed as EWMA and EWMA-RV respectively. By using equation 2 as shown previously, the EWMA used daily squared residual as ÃŽÂ µ2t 1 parameter input while the EWMA-RV used the daily realised volatility as the ÃŽÂ µ2t 1 parameter input. 3.3 Research Design (Gantt Chart) Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Literature Review Methodology Research proposal Data collection Data analysis Discussion and conclusion

Pediatric Care Against Bullying

Pediatric Care Against Bullying Objectives List at least three client centered learner objectives. The objectives must be client centered, measurable, and time specific. Clients will verbalize understanding what â€Å"bullying† is by the end of the teaching session. Clients will verbalize understanding of the types of bullying by the end of the teaching session. Clients will verbalize understanding of what to do if they encounter bullying by the end of the teaching session. Growth and Development Expected List the age group being taught. I presented my teaching project to a fourth grade class of 9 and 10 year olds. Describe the physical development of this age group. Include information regarding height, weight, muscle structure, fat distribution, bone development, dental development, etc. In this age group, height increases about two inches each year. Weight increases about four to six pounds each year. Along with the increased height and weight, muscle mass also increases. However, the muscles are not functionally mature and are more prone to muscle injury. As height increases, body fat percentage decreases and is replaced by muscle. The skeletal bones continue to harden (ossify) throughout this developmental period. Girls begin to develop faster than boys do and begin to grow taller than boys. This is also the stage of development in which the deciduous teeth are replaced by the permanent teeth. Describe the cognitive development of this age group. Include information regarding the ability to think through operations/problem –solve, ability to learn concepts, reading comprehension, level of understanding, Piaget’s stage, ideas about morality, spirituality, etc. According to Piaget, school-aged children are in the concrete operational stage, which means they make judgements based on their reasoning. The school-age child’s egocentric thinking is also replaced by the social awareness of others. School-aged children can think logically about objects and events. They are able to voice their opinions and think critically. Additionally, this age group is also capable of concrete problem-solving. They achieve conservation of weight by age 9. They also achieve the ability to classify, sort objects and are able to put things in chronological order. For example, school-aged children can classify objects of several features and can place them in order in a series, including dimensions such as shape or size. Reversibility is now possible. School-aged children can reverse simple arithmetic problems. This age group also now has a longer attention span. They have the ability to read more complex sentences that use complex words As egocentric thinking is replaced by logic thinking, school-aged children become more aware of moral standards and conciseness. They now do not solely think about just the consequences, but they can now judge an act by the intention that stimulated it. They clearly understand the difference between right and wrong. As far as spirituality, children are very eager to learn about God. They also are very curious about heaven and hell. They view God as a human and their description of Him is loving, kind, and helpful. They also tend to think that misbehavior will cause them to go hell and good behavior will gain them entrance to heaven. At this age, children also petition their prayers to God. Describe the psychosocial development of this age group. Include information regarding explanation of Erikson’s developmental stage, interaction with peers, interaction with family members, involvement in sports/clubs, hobbies, self-concept, etc. In the school-aged, school plays a major role in the resolution of the developmental crisis of industry versus inferiority. Children learn that they can win recognition of teacher, parents, and peers by doing well in school or mastering a task. The attitudes and opinions of others also become very important. When children master a skill that they have attempted, it helps them to form a positive self-concept of themselves. They develop a sense of who they really are. However, when a goal is not mastered, feelings of inferiority and self-doubt arise because children feel like they failed. These children are most interested in friends and social activities. They enjoy group adventures and cooperative play. The peer group is very important to school-aged children. It is through interaction with the peers that children learn how to put up with those who have strong personalities. Additionally, it is also through peer groups that children socialize and gain independence from their parents. The lack of peer group associations can lead to bullying and feelings of rejection. However, peer groups are not the most influential when it comes the school-aged child. The parents ultimately shape the child’s personality, values, and standards for behavior. Children in this age group also acquire hobbies. They also like to collect things and many enjoy reading and writing. Describe the language development of this age group. Include information regarding ability to articulate thoughts, vocabulary, clarity of speech, dialect among peers, etc. School-aged children learn different words and their meanings. Their knowledge of words is enhanced by reading. Reading also allows the school-aged child to explore and imagine. They also begin to consolidate expressive language skills and learn to express themselves verbally. This age group is also beginning to follow complex instructions. They are able to follow those demands without the use of visual aids. They can read more complex and sophisticated sentences. Additionally, they can express themselves through writing and speaking with more complex and sophisticated words. Describe the fine motor development of this age group. Include information regarding writing ability, scissor skills, dressing self, tying shoes, using utensils, craft making, typing, etc. The school-aged child’s fine motor skills mature and handedness improves. With the maturation in fine motor skills, they also begin to master unlimited varieties of hand crafts. The fine motor skills of children in this age group are smoother and stronger than when they were younger. This increased body control allows them to work on strengthening other skills such as writing, drawing, using scissors, typing, and many other things. However, capabilities ranges are wide among children in this age group. Some may excel in one activity while others struggle. Describe the gross motor development of this age group. Include information regarding walking, maintaining balance, coordination, jumping, reaching, play/activities involving motor movement, etc. The gross motor development of this age group of school-aged children is smoother and stronger than when they were younger. They also have better coordination, balance, and endurance than the younger years. This increased body control allows school-aged children to improve on strengthening physical skills, such as speed and strength in sports and other physical activities, such as running and dance. Some children among this age group will have better endurance, coordination, and balance than others. Some may excel in sports, while others may just enjoy playing with friends and peers fun. POST-IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION Objectives Evaluation Were the learner objectives met? Evaluate each objective. †¢Clients will verbalize understanding what â€Å"bullying† is by the end of the teaching session. Goal met. Clients verbalized an understanding of what â€Å"bullying† is by stating the definition of bullying by the end of my teaching session. †¢Clients will verbalize understanding of the types of bullying by the end of the teaching session. Goal met. Clients verbalized an understanding of the different types of bullying by stating the different types of bullying by the end of the teaching session. †¢Clients will verbalize understanding on what to do if they encounter bullying by the end of the teaching session. Goal met. Clients verbalized an understanding of what to do if they encountered bulling by stating what they would actually do by the end of my teaching session. Assessments List two identified strengths of the teaching project. One of the strengths of my teaching project is that it was simple, yet age appropriate for the age group that I presented to. Another strength of my teaching project is as I presented the project, I asked questions throughout the presentation. I did this so that I could evaluate the cognitive development and language development of this age group List two identified weaknesses of the teaching project. One of the weakness of my teaching project is that when I presented, I felt that I was talking too fast. Another weakness is that I was very apprehensive when presenting my teaching project. However, that soon passed as I presented the teaching project. Growth and Development Observed Describe the physical development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. Physically, children in this age group were of all different shapes and sizes. Some were more naturally stockier and some were skinnier than others. Some of the children had more body fat than others, while some had more muscle mass. Many of the girls were taller than the boys. While some of the boys were still taller than the girls. Some of the children were short and stocky. Some were tall and stocky. Some of the children were tall and skinny, while others were short and skinny. I also noticed that when some of the children smiled, that they had acquired their permanent teeth. Describe the cognitive development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. Cognitively, the school-aged children were able to think critically about my teaching topic. They also were able to correctly answer the questions that I asked them and shared their own opinions about my teaching project topic. In addition, they also were able to judge acts or actions by the intentions that stimulated those acts or actions. While presenting my teaching project, the students were actually able to tell me reason why people bully other people. They were also able to tell me who can be bullies and who can be bullied. They had logical responses to my questions and actually critically thought about the questions I asked them before answering. Describe the psychosocial development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. The children seemed to be independent and obedient. They also socialized with their peers. Boys tended to spend time with boys and girls with girls. However, the children did interact with peers of the opposite sex. Describe the language development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. This age groups language development was very sophisticated. They expressed their opinions about things using a vocabulary that was complex, but age appropriate. They answered questions using sophisticated words and were able to verbalize their feeling and opinions clearly. Describe the fine motor development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. This age groups fine motor skills varied widely. Some of the children’s handwriting was neat and readable, while some of their handwriting was difficult to decipher. The children also had pictures of activities that required cutting and scissors posted on the walls of the school. Describe the gross motor development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. During recess, I saw the children make use of their smoother, stronger gross motor skills. There were children running and playing outside during recess as I left the school. I also saw students that were playing soccer and jump roping. References Provide an annotated bibliography for the references used. A minimum of three sources must be utilized. Annotated Bibliography Franks, J. K. (2013). The relationship between strengths in youth and bullying experiences at school. Educational Child Psychology, 30(4), 44-58. This article discussed how bullying impacts one’s self-esteem and self-perception of themselves. In addition, this article also discussed the emotional, social, and academic effects of bullying. The information about the consequences for both bullies and those who are bullied was also provided in detail. This article was a helpful resource because it not only provided detailed information about the consequences of bullying and the psychosocial effects of it, but it included evidence-based research information about bullying. Hockenberry, M.J., Wilson, D. (2013). Wong’s essentials of pediatric nursing (9th ed.), Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family (pp.457-475). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. In this textbook, it provides information about the characteristics of bullies and those who bully. The long term effects of bullying are also discussed in this text. Information about why people bully was also provided in this textbook. This textbook was a very helpful resource because it provided detailed information about the characteristics of bullies and those who are bullied. In addition, it also provided detailed information about the long term effects and consequences of bullying. Park, C. (2014). Children And The Duty To Report: The Double Standard Of Child Abuse And Anti-Bullying Laws. Indiana Law Review, 47(3), 843-869. This article discusses why it is important to recognize bullying and put a stop to it. It also gives the definition of bullying and describes the different types of bullying. This article was also a very helpful because it stressed the importance of standing up to bullies and putting and end bullying. In addition, it provided a very detailed definition of bullying and the different types of bullying.